How Many Plagues Were There?

How Many Plagues Were There?

Every schoolchild knows that Egypt was struck by ten plagues before the Hebrews were set free. But a different count is given in Psalms and several different options for enumerating the plagues are given during the Seder on Passover.  According to the simple reading...
God’s Outstretched Hand

God’s Outstretched Hand

Moses’ first encounter with God is fraught with unexpected challenges. God addresses the anticipated incredulity of the Hebrews, emphasizing the longstanding covenant with the patriarchs. He then addresses the probability that the Egyptians will violently oppose the...
Who was the Pharaoh of the Exodus?

Who was the Pharaoh of the Exodus?

There are several Egyptian Pharaohs mentioned in the Torah. The first contact with an Egyptian ruler described in the Bible takes place when Abraham goes to Egypt to escape a famine (Genesis 12). But the influence of the Egyptian monarchs in the Torah begins to take...